Two warm-up cases: the granddaughter’s 2/3 completion, and “the brother who hurts his sister” — a classic trap that is best taught through numbers.
Case A — The 2/3 completion and distant ‘ashabah
Scenario. A deceased man leaves behind a wife, a mother, 1 daughter, 1 granddaughter (through a predeceased son), and 1 full paternal uncle. Net estate Rp 480,000,000.
- Status: wife 1/8; mother 1/6; daughter 1/2; granddaughter 1/6 (completing the 2/3); uncle is ‘ashabah (jihah ‘umumah — no one closer).
- Base 24: wife 3, mother 4, daughter 12, granddaughter 4 → 23 used, 1 remaining → uncle.
- Rupiah: 1 share = 20m.
Base number: 24 Estate: Rp 480,000,000
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Heirs Status Shares Rupiah
wife 1/8 3 60,000,000
mother 1/6 4 80,000,000
daughter 1/2 12 240,000,000
granddaughter 1/6 (completion) 4 80,000,000
uncle 'ashabah 1 20,000,000
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 24 480,000,000 ✓Takeaway. Two things: the 2/3 completion works (daughter 1/2 + granddaughter 1/6 = 2/3 of the daughter-line’s share), and ‘ashabah, however distant (an uncle!), still sweeps up the remainder — in the matn system, this is exactly what keeps this case from falling into the bayt al-mal discussion.
Case B — The brother who “hurts” his sister
Scenario. A deceased woman (kalalah) leaves behind a grandmother, 1 full sister, 1 paternal half-sister, and 1 paternal half-brother. Net estate Rp 180,000,000.
- Status: grandmother 1/6; full sister 1/2; the half-sister + half-brother → ‘ashabah bil-ghair (2:1) over the remainder. Note: without the half-brother, the half-sister would get 1/6 completing the 2/3.
- Base 6: grandmother 1, full sister 3 → remainder of 2 for 3 heads (2+1) → doesn’t divide evenly → ×3 → base 18: grandmother 3, full sister 9, half-brother 4, half-sister 2.
- Rupiah: 1 share = 10m.
Base number: 6 → tashih ×3 = 18 Estate: Rp 180,000,000
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Heirs Status Shares/6 Shares/18 Rupiah
grandmother 1/6 1 3 30,000,000
full sister 1/2 3 9 90,000,000
paternal half-brother 'ashabah ─┐ 4 40,000,000
paternal half-sister 'ashabah b.g. 2┘ 2 20,000,000
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 6 18 180,000,000 ✓flowchart LR
classDef furud fill:#1e3a8a,stroke:#3b82f6,color:#dbeafe
classDef rugi fill:#7f1d1d,stroke:#ef4444,color:#fee2e2
classDef untung fill:#134e4a,stroke:#14b8a6,color:#ccfbf1
A["Paternal half-sister ALONE:<br/>1/6 completion = 3/18"]:::furud --> B["Her brother arrives:<br/>pulled into 'ashabah 2:1"]:::rugi
B --> C["Her share drops: 2/18<br/>(her brother gets 4/18)"]:::rugi
B -.->|compare| D["The granddaughter who would drop out<br/>is instead SAVED by a grandson<br/>(akh mubarak)"]:::untung
Takeaway. The presence of a brother is not always a benefit: here the paternal half-sister drops from 3/18 (1/6 completion, had she been alone) to 2/18 because she is pulled into ‘ashabah — the fuqaha call a brother like this an akh mash’um (“an ill-omened brother”), the opposite of the akh mubarak who saves a granddaughter from dropping out entirely. The real test of understanding furudh vs. ta’sib lies in small cases just like this one.
Sources: case patterns from the furudh and ta’sib chapters of Matan ar-Rahbiyyah + Sharh al-Hazimi (Shamela 11372, 36125). Full list in 15-references.