This is the core “HOW” chapter. All the theory from chapters 02–05 is executed through the same standard 7-step procedure for every case — from the simplest up to munasakhat. Master the procedure here; later chapters just add special cases.
The standard 7-step procedure
flowchart TB
classDef proses fill:#713f12,stroke:#ca8a04,color:#fef9c3
classDef furud fill:#1e3a8a,stroke:#3b82f6,color:#dbeafe
classDef asabah fill:#134e4a,stroke:#14b8a6,color:#ccfbf1
classDef hasil fill:#3b0764,stroke:#a855f7,color:#f3e8ff
S1["1. List the heirs:<br/>filter mani' & hajb (ch. 02, 05)"]:::proses --> S2["2. Set each person's status:<br/>which furudh / 'ashabah (ch. 03, 04)"]:::furud
S2 --> S3["3. Determine the BASE NUMBER<br/>(LCM of the furudh denominators)"]:::proses
S3 --> S4["4. Calculate each furudh's shares<br/>(base × fraction)"]:::furud
S4 --> S5["5. Remainder → 'ashabah<br/>(male:female = 2:1)"]:::asabah
S5 --> S6["6. Correct if needed:<br/>'awl / radd / tashih (ch. 07)"]:::proses
S6 --> S7["7. Convert to money:<br/>value of 1 share = estate ÷ final base"]:::hasil
Step 3: determining the base number
The base number (asl al-mas’alah) is the principal figure for the division — the smallest number that can hold all the furudh fractions without a remainder (in mathematical terms: the LCM of the denominators). Because furudh only ever involve the denominators 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8, their combinations are limited to seven base numbers: 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24.
| Combination of denominators present | Base number |
|---|---|
| 1/2 only | 2 |
| 1/3 or 2/3 only | 3 |
| 1/4 only (± 1/2) | 4 |
| 1/6 (± 1/2, 1/3, 2/3) | 6 |
| 1/8 only (± 1/2) | 8 |
| 1/4 meets 1/3, 2/3, or 1/6 | 12 |
| 1/8 meets 1/3, 2/3, or 1/6 | 24 |
Two practical rules:
- All ‘ashabah with no furudh at all (e.g. just 3 sons): base number = the head count (a daughter counts as 1 head, a son counts as 2).
- Remember the common pairings: the presence of a wife + descendants almost always yields a base of 24; a husband + descendants → often 12.
Steps 4–5: a fully worked example
Case: the deceased (male) leaves a wife, a mother, and 2 sons. Net estate: Rp 480,000,000.
- Filter: no mani’; nobody is mahjub (everyone belongs to the “six never blocked” plus the sons).
- Status: wife 1/8 (descendants present); mother 1/6 (descendants present); 2 sons are ‘ashabah.
- Base number: denominators 8 and 6 → LCM = 24.
- Furudh shares: wife 24 × 1/8 = 3; mother 24 × 1/6 = 4.
- Remainder: 24 − 3 − 4 = 17 for the 2 sons → 17/2 is not a whole number → tashih needed (chapter 07): multiply everything by 2 → base 48; wife 6, mother 8, each son 17.
- Convert: value of 1 share = 480 million ÷ 48 = Rp 10 million → wife Rp 60 million, mother Rp 80 million, each son Rp 170 million. Total 60+80+170+170 = 480 ✓.
Every case in chapters 10–12 follows exactly this format.
How to write the working frame (worksheet format)
In Tashil al-Faraidh, Ibn Uthaymin trains students to write a stacked table. The text version:
Base number: 24 → tashih ×2 = 48 Estate: Rp 480,000,000
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Heirs Status Shares/24 Shares/48 Rupiah
wife 1/8 3 6 60,000,000
mother 1/6 4 8 80,000,000
son (1) 'ashabah ─┐ 17 170,000,000
son (2) 'ashabah 17┘ 17 170,000,000
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Total 24 48 480,000,000 ✓A small habit that saves you: always sum the last column and check it against the estate. If it doesn’t match, something went wrong at step 2 (status) or step 6 (correction).
Three possible outcomes after the furudh are paid
- Exactly used up — no remainder, no problem. Done.
- Remainder exists, and there are ‘ashabah — the remainder goes to the ‘ashabah (the case above).
- It doesn’t fit evenly:
- Furudh exceed the base number → ‘awl (the base is raised).
- There’s a remainder but no ‘ashabah → radd (the remainder is returned to the ashabul furudh).
- Shares don’t divide evenly by head count → tashih.
These three corrections are the content of chapter 07.
Sources: Tashil al-Faraidh, bab ta’shilul-masa’il wa tashihuha (Shamela 11095); ash-Sharh al-Mumti’, bab Faraidh. Full list in 15-references.