Three verses supply the core numbers; the sunnah and ijma’ fill in the rest. This chapter assembles everything into a complete, ready-to-calculate system — with an evidence-lineage column that is the signature of this path.
System table + evidence lineage
| Component | Content | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Children: 2:1, 2/3, 1/2 | Ratio & share of children | An-Nisa 11 (2 daughters = 2/3: the usul bridge + verse 176 + the hadith of Sa’d ibn ar-Rabi’, chapter 03) |
| Parents: 1/6 · 1/3 → 1/6 | With children present; mother without children; mother reduced by siblings | An-Nisa 11 |
| Father/grandfather as ‘ashabah | Without children, the father takes the residue/all | Hadith “the remainder goes to the nearest male” (Bukhari no. 6732, Muslim no. 1615) |
| Spouse: 1/2·1/4·1/8 | Two tiers, reduced by descendants | An-Nisa 12 |
| Maternal siblings: 1/6 · 1/3 equal shares | Kalalah only | An-Nisa 12 (chapter 04) |
| Full/paternal siblings | 1/2 · 2/3 · 2:1 · all — kalalah only | An-Nisa 176 |
| Grandmother 1/6 | When the mother is absent | Sunnah (the ruling for the grandmother, Abu Dawud, at-Tirmidhi) |
| Son’s daughter, complementary 1/6 | With 1 daughter | Sunnah (Ibn Mas’ud, from the Prophet, peace be upon him, Bukhari no. 6736) |
| ‘Ashabah and their order | Jihah (line) → degree → strength | Sunnah + the scholars’ istiqra’ (systematic survey) |
| Hajb | The nearer relative excludes the farther one | Direct derivation from the structure of the verses + sunnah |
| Barriers (killing, differing religion) | The barred heir (mamnu’) is treated as nonexistent | Sunnah (Bukhari no. 6764 etc.) |
| ’Awl · radd · grandfather+siblings | Corrections & advanced cases | Companion ijtihad — a disputed area (chapter 07) |
Reading this table like ash-Shinqiti
Notice the pattern: every fixed-share number comes from a verse; the sunnah fills in the substitute positions (grandmother, grandchild) and establishes the ‘ashabah principle; ijtihad only operates where both are silent. This is not incidental — the Companions called faraidh a science “handed over by the text” and were careful about adding anything on top of it. The exegetical path makes these layers visible; the other paths (for the sake of speed) merge all three into a single table to be memorized.
flowchart TB
classDef ayat fill:#134e4a,stroke:#14b8a6,color:#ccfbf1
classDef sunnah fill:#1e3a8a,stroke:#3b82f6,color:#dbeafe
classDef ijtihad fill:#713f12,stroke:#ca8a04,color:#fef9c3
classDef mesin fill:#3b0764,stroke:#a855f7,color:#f3e8ff
A["LAYER 1 — VERSES:<br/>all fixed-share numbers"]:::ayat --> M["CALCULATION MACHINE<br/>(chapter 06)"]:::mesin
B["LAYER 2 — SUNNAH:<br/>substitute positions + 'ashabah +<br/>barriers"]:::sunnah --> M
C["LAYER 3 — COMPANION IJTIHAD:<br/>'awl · radd · grandfather<br/>(dispute map, chapter 07)"]:::ijtihad --> M
The assembled list of heirs
The result of assembling the three layers is the same list as in the sibling bundles: roughly 15 male heirs and 10 female heirs; six who are never excluded (father, mother, son, daughter, husband, wife); and kin outside the list (dzawil arham) whose status itself falls under the layer-3 dispute. Detailed definitions and hajb rules are not repeated here — use the Ibn Uthaymin bundle, chapters 03-05 as the quick dictionary; this bundle keeps its focus on the evidence lineage.
Sources: QS. An-Nisa 11, 12, 176; Bukhari no. 6732/6736/6764, Muslim no. 1615; the grandmother hadith: Abu Dawud no. 2894, at-Tirmidhi no. 2101; Adhwa’ al-Bayan (Shamela 20766). Full list in 15-references.